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Q–1: How is virtual currency treated for federal tax purposes?

A–1: For federal tax purposes, virtual currency is treated as property. General tax principles applicable to property transaction apply to transaction using virtual currency.

Q–2: Is virtual currency treated as currency for purposes of determining whether a transaction results in foreign currency gain or loss under U.S. federal tax laws?

A–2: No. Under currently applicable law, virtual currency is not treated as currency that could generate foreign currency gain or loss for U.S. federal tax purposes.

Q–3: Must a taxpayer who receives virtual currency as payment for goods or services include in computing gross income the fair market value of the virtual currency?

A–3: Yes. A taxpayer who receives virtual currency as payment for goods or services must, in computing gross income, include the fair market value of the virtual currency, measured in U.S. dollars, as of the date that the virtual currency was received.

Q–4: What is the basis of virtual currency received as payment for goods or services in Q&A–3?

A–4: The basis of virtual currency that a taxpayer receives as payment for goods or services in Q&A–3 is the fair market value of the virtual currency in U.S. dollars as of the date of receipt. See Publication 551, Basis of Assets, for more information on the computation of basis when property is received for goods or services.

Q–5: How is the fair market value of virtual currency determined?

A–5: For U.S. tax purposes, transaction using virtual currency must be reported in U.S. dollars. Therefore, taxpayers will be required to determine the fair market value of virtual currency in U.S. dollars as of the date of payment or receipt.

If a virtual currency is listed on an exchange and the exchange rate is established by market supply and demand, the fair market value of the virtual currency is determined by converting the virtual currency into U.S. dollars (or into another real currency which in turn can be converted into U.S. dollars) at the exchange rate, in a reasonable manner that is consistently applied.

Q–6: Does a taxpayer have gain or loss upon an exchange of virtual currency for other property?

A–6: Yes. If the fair market value of property received in exchange for virtual currency exceeds the taxpayer’s adjusted basis of the virtual currency, the taxpayer has taxable gain.

The taxpayer has a loss if the fair market value of the property received is less that the adjusted basis of the virtual currency.

Q–7: What type of gain or loss does a taxpayer realize on the sale or exchange of virtual currency?

A–7: The character of the gain or loss generally depends on whether the virtual currency is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer.

A taxpayer generally realizes capital gain or loss on the sale or exchange of virtual currency that is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer. For example, stocks, bonds, and other investment property are generally capital assets.

A taxpayer generally realizes ordinary gain or loss on the sale or exchange of virtual currency that is not a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer. Inventory and other property held mainly for sale to cus timers in a trade or business are examples of property that is not a capital asset.

Q–8: Does a taxpayer who “mines” virtual currency (for example, uses computer resources to validate Bitcoin transaction and maintain the public Bitcoin transaction ledger) realize gross income upon receipt of the virtual currency resulting from those activities?

A–8: Yes, when a taxpayer successfully “mines” virtual currency, the fair market value of the virtual currency as of the date of receipt is includable in gross income.

See Publication 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income, for more information on taxable income.

Q–9: Is an individual who “mines” virtual currency as a trade or business subject to self-employment tax on the income derived from those activities?

A–9: If a taxpayer’s “mining” of virtual currency constitutes a trade or business, and the “mining” activity is not undertaken by the taxpayer as an employee, the net earnings from self-employment (generally, gross income derived from carrying on a trade or business less allowable deductions) resulting from those activities constitute self-employment income and are subject to the self-employment tax.

Q–10: Does virtual currency received by an independent contractor for performing services constitute self-employment income?

A–10: Yes. Generally, self-employment income includes all gross income derived by an individual from any trade or business carried on by the individual as other that an employee. Consequently, the fair market value of virtual currency received for services performed as an independent contractor, measured in U.S. dollars as of the date of receipt, constitutes self-employment income and is subject to the self-employment tax.

Q–11: Does virtual currency paid by an employer as remuneration for services constitute wages for employment tax purposes?

A–11: Yes. Generally, the medium in which remuneration for services is paid is immaterial to the determination of whether the remuneration constitutes wages for employment tax purposes. Consequently, the fair market value of virtual currency paid as wages is subject to federal income tax withholding, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax, and Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) tax and must be reported on Form W–2, Wage and Tax Statement.

Q–12: Is a payment made using virtual currency subject to information reporting?

A–12: A payment made using virtual currency is subject to information reporting to the same extent as any other payment made in property.

For example, a person who in the course of a trade or business makes a payment of fixed and determinable income using virtual currency with a value of $600 or more to a U.S. non-exempt recipient in a taxable year is required to report the payment to the IRS and to the payee. miums, annuities, and compensation.

Q–13: Is a person who in the course of a trade or business makes a payment using virtual currency worth $600 or more to an independent contractor for performing services required to file an information return with the IRS?

A–13: Generally, a person who in the course of a trade or business makes a payment of $600 or more in a taxable year to an independent contractor for the performance of services is required to report that payment to the IRS and to the payee on Form 1099–MISC, Miscellaneous Income.

Payments of virtual currency required to be reported on Form 1099-MISC should be reported using the fair market value of the virtual currency in U.S. dollars as of the date of payment.

The payment recipient may have income even if the recipient does not receive a Form 1099–MISC. See the Instructions to Form 1099–MISC and the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns for more information.

Q–14: Are payments made using virtual currency subject to backup withholding?

A–14: Payments made using virtual currency are subject to backup withholding to the same extent as other payments made in property.

Therefore, payor’s making reportable payments using virtual currency must solicit a taxpayer identification number (TIN) from the payee.

The payor must backup withhold from the payment if a TIN is not obtain prior to payment or if the payor receives notification from the IRS that backup withholding is required. See Publication 1281, Backup Withholding for Missing and Incorrect Name/TINs, for more information.

Q–15: Are there IRS information reporting requirements for a person who settles payments made in virtual currency on behalf of merchants that accept virtual currency from their cus timers?

A–15: Yes, if certain requirements are met. In general, a third party that contracts with a substantial number of unrelated merchants to settle payments between the merchants and their cus timers is a third party settlement organization (TPSO).

A TPSO is required to report payments made to a merchant on a Form 1099-K, Payment Card and Third Party Network transaction , if, for the calendar year, both

(1) the number of transaction settled for the merchant exceeds 200, and

(2) the gross amount of payments made to the merchant exceeds $20,000. When completing Boxes 1, 3, and 5a–1 on the Form 1099-K, transaction where the TPSO settles payments made with virtual currency are aggregated with transaction where the TPSO settles payments made with real currency to determine the total amounts to be reported in those boxes.

When determining whether the transaction are reportable, the value of the virtual currency is the fair market value of the virtual currency in U.S. dollars on the date of payment.

Q–16: Will taxpayers be subject to penalties for having treated a virtual currency transaction in a manner that is inconsistent with this notice prior to March 25, 2014?

A–16: Taxpayers may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with tax laws. For example, underpayments attributable to virtual currency transaction may be subject to penalties, such as accuracy-related penalties under section 6662.

In addition, failure to timely or correctly report virtual currency transaction when required to do so may be subject to information reporting penalties under section 6721 and 6722.

However, penalty relief may be available to taxpayers and persons required to file an information return who are able to establish that the underpayment or failure to properly file information returns is due to reasonable cause.